“Sir,
I suffer from the congenial weakness of believing I can do anything”. –
Lord
Louis Mountbatten to Winston Churchill when the all important offer of Indian
Viceroy post was made.
Compared to somewhat middle class conservative
mannerism of my parents and a dose of ideological upbringing, I saw my cousins
and friends around were brought up with more worldly wise wisdom and
pragmatism. Success in school examination mattered most to people of my
generation during younger days. It still does, I suppose.
To these worldly wise
lots – out of box thinking and even dreams do not matter much. Looking around,
I am different more given to useless pondering of much more futile issues. So
most often I am a failure.
Sand work of Sudarshan Pattnaik |
Nevertheless, on a chilly winter morning of New
Delhi as India celebrates yet another Republic Day my wild thoughts are lost
somewhere. What would have been the course of Indian history had not protagonists
like Mountbatten came around to decide about India’s history?
Mountbatten was chosen by British leadership under
then Prime Minister Clement Richard Attlee then to take over the reins of
India. In the words of Mountbatten’s predecessor, Earl Wavell (Viceroy from
1943-47) India and the British Raj then had already “reached a completely
impasse” situation.
This ‘impasse’ actually relates to the gulf of
difference several events and history had created between Wavell and the then
Indian political leaders – in fact a galaxy of them.
Mountbatten later in
an interview to writers Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre had said, “there
was nothing wrong with Wavell at all, except this handicap which prevented him
from being able to communicate”. He further puts it eloquently, “they did not
mistrust him – it wasn’t that they mistrusted him – they didn’t feel they could
get anywhere with him”.
Mountbatten and Prince Charles in 1970s |
Mountbatten later in an interview to writers Larry
Collins and Dominique Lapierre had said, “there was nothing wrong with Wavell
at all, except this handicap which prevented him from being able to communicate”.
He further puts it eloquently, “they did not mistrust him – it wasn’t that they
mistrusted him – they didn’t feel they could get anywhere with him”.
One can always ponder on the fascinating choice of
its players by the history. Mountbatten was ironically the great-grandson of
Victoria now being chosen to preside over the severing of the link of the
British empire with Indian sub-continent.
But what was supposed to be Mountbatten’s precise
agenda? Did the British Raj already made up their mind for withdrawal and grant
Indian independence? Were they looking for a scapegoat in Mountbatten to pull
them out of the mess?
On the other hand,
Indian political scene had offered five foremost protagonists then to be dealt effectively
and individually then collectively. The famous five – Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammed
Ali Jinnah, Jawaharlal Nehru, Liaquat Ali Khan and Sardar Vallabhai Patel –
were already divided politically by then.
The 16 August, 1946 Calcutta protest –
Direct Action Day - demonstration by Jinnah had already given a glimpse of how
horrifying things could turn.
The protest by Jinnah’s supporters on the fateful
day had already left 15000 injured and at least 5000 killed.
(Direct Action Day (16 August 1946), also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, was a
day of widespread riot and slaughter between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta now
Kolkata. The 'Direct Action' was announced by the Muslim League Council to show
the strength of Muslim feelings both to British and Congress, says Wikipedia,
because Muslims feared that after the British pulled out, Muslims would surely
suffer at the hands of overwhelming Hindu majority)
This brings us to the
issue of India’s partition. But before that we must take a closer look at the
five political stars mentioned above. Although the communal passion had come to
stay in Indian public life and Jinnah was a ‘player’ in the theater, it is also
true that all these five players had submerged completely their entire life
into politics and freedom struggle. All Five had actually started to dream
about the ‘culmination’ of their lifetime’s sacrifice and struggle. In other
words, Indian independence would have come sooner than later despite Mountbattens or the likes of Jinnahs and Nehrus.
Jinnah: A key player |
The western writers and historians have shown a
great tendency to hail Mountbatten’s stint as a success. In doing so they
declare rather unhesitatingly that “many colonial nations were not so fortunate
and were forced to pay the price of their freedom with bloody wars”. (the
quotes attributed to Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre).
But what was our partition then? And more
importantly, did they miss the blood bath and the post-1947 sort of permanent
enmity between India and Pakistan?
Would India of 2016 be different without 1947 and
the chief protagonist Mountbatten who scissored the map of India? A United India – in retrospect – today is only a
wishful thinking. Many would say the division of India was a blessing in
disguise. Others can argue, Moutbatten was against partition himself and would
have preferred Indian leaders to settle for a united country.
It was later claimed that Jinnah’s illness and possible
premature death was not known to many including the people who mattered like
Mountbatten.
“If somebody had told me he’s going to be dead in X months would I
then said let’s hold back India together and not divide it? Would I have put
back the clock, and held the position? Most probably. I have a feeling Jinnah
may not have known himself he had tuberculosis,” Mountbatten reportedly told
Larry Collins and Lapierre in exhaustive interviews later in 1970s.
Lapierre's autographed book 'Freedom at Midnight' |
This is something
difficult to stomach as Mountbatten’s predecessor Wavell had got a wind of it.
The British staff under Wavell also perhaps knew and had “kept it to themselves”,
Mountbatten claimed.
To me this argument is not convincing as Mountbatten came
and started ruling India with every minute details about India and
Indian politics and the political stars.
They could not have missed this vital information
about India. The 'Partition of India' was perhaps a lasting revenge of the colonial
masters as they felt ‘defeated’ and had to reluctantly withdraw from India.
However, no last word can be said. Muslim scholars
like Rafiq Zakaria believed partition had rather harmed the cause of Muslims in
the sub-continent. No contemporary scholarship can bring an end to hundreds of
questions raised by historical phases. Indian partition is certainly one of
them. Similar issues pertain to the fate meted to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.
There will always remain room for more studies.
In the ultimate analysis, the Republic Day is also an occasion to
ponder about governance in the country and the roadmap for future.
Basically the two pronged approach of industrialization
concentration and poverty alleviation and improvement in qualitative life
remains our national need if not the focus of administration. There is further need
for investment in social sectors and education and the entire mechanism has to
dispel any type of regional imbalances and discrimination.
At this time for reflection, the true
spirit of Republic is well summed up in the immortal number of one of my all
time favourites, Yesudas.
“Tere aane se saj
gayee humaree yeh tutee phutee naav
…..Goree yeh duwaaye
karna jarur, maajhi se naiya ho nahi dur
Sabko kinare
pahunchaayega, maajhi toh kinara tabhi paayega
Truly without democracy and the republic spirit
India would not have been as beautiful as it is today. As the theme of the song
underlines --- the Republic will not be deemed as successful till every
passenger in the boat reaches his/her destination of happiness and prosperity.
(ends)
Very well written.
ReplyDeletethanks PC....love your brief comment...as always cherish yr oneliners and encouragement !!
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